How long to travel to Mars from the point of view of those traveling?

T G asked:
I’ve heard that it will take roughly 9 months to travel to Mars. But, time travels faster when farther away from large gravitational fields. How long will it take from the point of view of an astronaut making the trip? What will be the maximum difference in the speed [...]

Hypothetically, could something travel faster than the speed of light if it’s traveling in a different medium?

Joop asked:
My Optics lecturer said something about how since light travels in a vacuum, you could, potentially, have something travel faster in a different medium, one other than a vacuum.
True or false?